01 · Myths

What it doesn't mean

Myth 01Hugger-mugger is Victorian slang.
What's true

It was in Victorian slang dictionaries, but it is Tudor English: Etymonline dates it to the 1520s, and Shakespeare uses it in Hamlet.

02 · The long read

What it really means

Hugger-mugger is a word for doing things on the quiet. It has also come to mean a mess. The secret sense, at least, is centuries older than Victoria.

Etymonline dates it to the 1520s, meaning secretly, privately — one of a cluster of rhyming, reduplicated words of the time that meant much the same thing. Where it came from is not settled. One suggestion is an older form, hucker-mucker, perhaps from Middle English mukre, to hoard up or conceal. Wiktionary calls the origin unknown. The sound does the work anyway: it is a whispering, huddled kind of word.

Its most famous outing is in Hamlet. After Hamlet kills Polonius, the King has the body buried fast and without ceremony, and soon regrets how it looks: the people muddied, / Thick, and unwholesome in their thoughts and whispers / For good Polonius' death; and we have done but greenly / In hugger-mugger to inter him. In hugger-mugger: hastily, secretly, as if there were something to hide.

The word never went away. The 1811 Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue defined it as by stealth, privately, without making an appearance, with the example they spent their money in a hugger mugger way. In 1874 John Camden Hotten's Slang Dictionary still had it — underhand, sneaking — and recorded a second sense too: in a state of hugger-mugger meant muddled.

Modern dictionaries keep both: Wiktionary gives secret, clandestine and also disorderly, chaotic, confused. Perhaps that is not surprising. Things done in a hurry and in secret often end up in a heap.

03 · Provenance

Where it comes from

hugger

one half of a rhyming pair

mugger

the other half — perhaps from Middle English 'mukre', to hoard or conceal

Etymonline: one of several similar reduplicated words of the 1520s, perhaps going back to 'hucker-mucker' and Middle English mukre, 'to hoard up, conceal'. Wiktionary calls the origin unknown and lists other guesses. No theory is settled.

  1. 1520s

    Recorded as 'secretly, privately' (Etymonline).

  2. c. 1600

    Hamlet, Act 4 Scene 5: Claudius admits that 'we have done but greenly / In hugger-mugger to inter him' — Polonius, buried in haste and in secret.

  3. 1811

    The Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue: 'By stealth, privately, without making an appearance. They spent their money in a hugger mugger way.'

  4. 1874

    Hotten's Slang Dictionary: 'underhand, sneaking. Also, "in a state of HUGGER-MUGGER" means to be muddled.'

04 · In the wild

In real life

  • The office leaving present was organised in such hugger-mugger that the person leaving was the only one who knew about it.
  • Her desk was in its usual hugger-mugger: three mugs, two chargers and no pens.
  • The two cousins whispered in hugger-mugger all through dinner, and the next morning the trampoline had appeared.
05 · Asked often

Questions

Q01What does hugger-mugger mean?

Secrecy, or done in secret — 'by stealth, privately', as the 1811 Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue puts it. A later sense is confusion or a muddle: Hotten's 1874 slang dictionary says 'in a state of hugger-mugger' means muddled.

Q02What does 'in hugger-mugger' mean in Hamlet?

In secret, and in haste. Claudius says 'we have done but greenly / In hugger-mugger to inter him' about the hurried, hushed-up burial of Polonius.

Q03Where does hugger-mugger come from?

Nobody is sure. Etymonline dates it to the 1520s and suggests it may go back to 'hucker-mucker' and Middle English mukre, 'to hoard up, conceal'. Wiktionary lists the origin as unknown.

06 · Evidence

Sources

  1. Etymonline — hugger-mugger (1520s, 'secretly, privately').
  2. William Shakespeare, Hamlet, full text (Project Gutenberg) — Act 4 Scene 5.
  3. 1811 Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue, full text (Project Gutenberg) — 'HUGGER MUGGER'.
  4. John Camden Hotten, The Slang Dictionary (1874), full text (Project Gutenberg) — 'Hugger-mugger'.
  5. Wiktionary — hugger-mugger.
07 · Nearby

Words around it