In shortReaders who land here meaning Churn rather than Network effect are usually searching for phrases like “what is churn rate”, “how to calculate churn”, “voluntary vs involuntary churn”.

In shortNetwork effect. 1908 — Theodore Vail, the first post-patent president of a telephone company, argues the case in the annual report while advocating for a telephone monopoly.

1. 1908

   Network Effect. Theodore Vail, the first post-patent president of a telephone company, argues the case in the annual report while advocating for a telephone monopoly.

2. 1990s onward

   Churn. Churn becomes a core operating metric in contractual industries: telecoms, subscription media, software and utilities.

• ChurnWork & Business
• Network EffectWork & Business