1813 – 1855 · Denmark

Søren Kierkegaard

Proto-existentialism · the individual before the infinite

He insisted that the most important truths cannot be proven, only lived — that faith is a leap, not a conclusion. Kierkegaard put the solitary, choosing individual at the centre of philosophy, and in doing so became the father of existentialism.

Søren Kierkegaard was a Danish philosopher widely regarded as the father of existentialism. Writing against the abstract systems of his day, he insisted that philosophy must address the concrete, choosing individual. He is known for the idea that 'truth is subjectivity,' for the 'leap of faith,' for his analysis of anxiety and despair, and for the three stages of life: the aesthetic, the ethical, and the religious.

The one idea to take away
Truth is subjectivity — and faith is a leap

Kierkegaard argued that the deepest truths — about how to live, about faith, about meaning — are not objective facts you can prove and then file away. They are truths you must inwardly appropriate and stake your life on. In this sense 'truth is subjectivity': what matters is not just what you believe but how, with what passion and commitment, you hold it. Faith especially cannot be reached by argument; it requires a leap, a wholehearted commitment beyond what reason can guarantee.

Kierkegaard wrote against the grain of his age. The dominant philosophy of his time aimed at grand, all-encompassing rational systems that explained everything from on high. Kierkegaard found this both arrogant and evasive — because it left out the one thing that actually matters to a living person: the concrete, anxious, choosing individual, standing before decisions no system can make for them. Philosophy, he insisted, must speak to that individual, in the first person, about how to exist.

This is the root of his claim that 'truth is subjectivity.' He did not mean that facts are relative or that anything goes. He meant that the truths that matter most for living — about faith, love, and how to spend your one life — cannot be grasped as detached, objective information. They must be inwardly appropriated, held with passion, and enacted. What matters is not just believing the right thing, but the intensity and commitment with which you make it your own. A truth you merely recite is not yet, for you, a truth at all.

The truths that matter most cannot be proven — only lived.The core of Kierkegaard

The leapFaith, anxiety, and the stages of life.

Nowhere is this clearer than in his treatment of faith. Faith, for Kierkegaard, is not the conclusion of an argument; it is a leap — a wholehearted commitment that goes beyond what reason can secure, made in the face of uncertainty. He explored this most intensely through the biblical Abraham, whose willingness to trust against all comprehension became his image of the 'knight of faith.' He also gave philosophy a searching analysis of anxiety, which he tied to freedom itself: anxiety is the dizziness we feel before the sheer range of what we might choose, the vertigo of possibility.

Kierkegaard mapped human existence into three stages or ways of living: the aesthetic, absorbed in pleasure and immediacy; the ethical, committed to duty and moral seriousness; and the religious, defined by faith and a personal relation to the infinite. Moving between them requires not argument but decisive, transforming choice. Writing often under vivid pseudonyms, he made the drama of individual existence his subject — and by doing so laid the groundwork that later existentialists, from Nietzsche's readers to Sartre and Camus, would build upon.

People also askQuick answers

Why is Kierkegaard called the father of existentialism?

Because he shifted philosophy's focus to the concrete, choosing individual and the lived experience of existence — anxiety, choice, faith, and commitment — rather than abstract systems. Later existentialists built directly on these themes.

What did Kierkegaard mean by 'truth is subjectivity'?

Not that facts are relative, but that the truths that matter most for living can't be grasped as detached information. They must be inwardly appropriated and lived with passion and commitment. How you hold a truth matters as much as what it is.

What is the leap of faith?

Kierkegaard's idea that faith isn't the conclusion of an argument but a wholehearted commitment that goes beyond what reason can guarantee. Facing uncertainty, the individual must 'leap' — choosing to trust without objective proof.

What are Kierkegaard's three stages of life?

The aesthetic (living for pleasure and the moment), the ethical (living by duty and moral seriousness), and the religious (living by faith and a personal relation to the infinite). Moving between them takes decisive personal choice, not mere argument.

Sources & further reading

Biographical summary following standard scholarly accounts. Dates are those generally accepted by historians.